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JULIUS L. CHAMBERS
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PAPERS, 1902-1989
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UNCC MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION 85
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| Contents: |
Collection
Information |
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Biographical
Note |
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Historical Note |
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Scope and
Content Note |
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Series Descriptions/Container
List |
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1: Pleadings (1964-1974). |
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2: Correspondence (1964-1973). |
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3: Clippings (1964-1972, 1989). |
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4: Transcripts (1965-1974). |
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5: Briefs (1970). |
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6: Desegregation Plans (1965-1970). |
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7: Research Material and Data (1902, 1931-1975). |
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8: Maps (1965-1971). |
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9: Handwritten Notes (1965-1973). |
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Size:
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9 linear feet (ca. 16,200 items). |
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| Locales: |
Charlotte (N.C). |
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Washington (D.C.). |
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| Bulk Dates: |
1965-1975. |
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| Languages: |
English. |
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| Summary: |
Files of a Charlotte attorney and his firm, Chambers, Stein,
Ferguson, and Lanning, relating to their representation of the plaintiffs
in the landmark case, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education,
that established busing as a constitutional method for desegregating schools.
Includes pleadings prepared by Chambers and by attorneys for the Board of
Education at the district, circuit, and supreme court levels; court rulings
and opinions; research materials; statistics; desegregation plans prepared
by the board and court consultant John Finger; transcripts of proceedings;
and depositions, briefs, and notes. |
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| Index Terms: |
Busing for school integration--North Carolina--Charlotte. |
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Chambers, Julius L. (Julius LeVonne), 1935- . |
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Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education--Trials, litigation,
etc. |
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Civil rights--North Carolina--Charlotte. |
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School integration--North Carolina--Charlotte. |
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Swann, James E.--Trials, litigation, etc. |
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| Sources: |
Gift of Julius Chambers, 1982. |
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| Access: |
Unrestricted. |
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| Copyright: |
Not held by UNC Charlotte Library. |
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| Citation: |
Julius L. Chambers Papers, University of North Carolina at
Charlotte Library. |
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| Contact Information: |
For more information about this collection, please contact:
Special Collections Department
J. Murrey Atkins Library
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
9201 University City Blvd.
Charlotte, NC 28223-0001
E-mail: speccoll@email.uncc.edu
Telephone: (704) 687-2449
Fax: (704) 687-2232 |
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| Related Collections: |
Fred
D. Alexander Papers (Mss 91). |
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Kelly
M. Alexander Papers (Mss 55). |
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Reginald
A. Hawkins Papers (Mss 125). |
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Benjamin
S. Horack Papers (Mss 42). |
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Margaret
W. Ray Papers (Mss 131). |
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William
J. Waggoner Papers (Mss 221). |
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James
B. McMillan Papers, UNC-Chapel Hill (SHC #4676). |
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| Compiler: |
Updated by Rebecca Royals, July 1996. |
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| Research: |
Davison
M. Douglas. Reading, Writing & Race: the Desegregation of the Charlotte
Schools (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). |
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Frye
Gaillard. The Dream Long Deferred (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press, 1988). |
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| Julius LeVonne Chambers, African American civil
rights lawyer, was born in Mount Gilead, N.C., in 1935. As a schoolboy,
Chambers was bused several miles past the nearby white school to attend
a black school. |
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| Chambers was graduated from North Carolina College
(now North Carolina Central University) in 1958 with a B.A. in history and
the University of Michigan, where he received an M.A. in history as a Woodrow
Wilson Fellow. He studied law as a John Hay Whitney Fellow at the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. During his final year he served as the
first black editor of the North Carolina Law Review. He was the first black
admitted to the Order of the Golden Fleece, UNC CH's highest honorary society.
He then received a Master of Law at Columbia University Law School. |
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| He worked a year for the NAACP Legal Defense
and Education Fund before establishing a practice in Charlotte in 1964.
In 1967 Chambers joined with Adam Stein to form the first biracial law firm
in North Carolina. His firm represented many civil rights cases, including
the Charlotte Three (see T. J. Reddy Papers) and the Wilmington 10. |
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| Chambers was the victim of racial violence in
1965 when his car and home were bombed (including the homes of Reginald
A. Hawkins, Fred D. Alexander, and Kelly M. Alexander, Sr.), and in February,
1971, when his Charlotte law office was burned. |
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| In 1968 Chambers was appointed by North Carolina
Governor Dan Moore to serve as one of twenty five to study possible changes
in the state constitution. He was appointed to the first board of governors
of the state university system. He has served as president of the Southern
Regional Council and as national president of the NAACP Legal Defense and
Educational Fund. He served on the steering committee for the 1972, 1976,
and 1980 Democratic Party presidential campaigns. In 1992, Chambers was
named chancellor of North Carolina Central University in Durham. |
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| The U.S. Supreme Court's 1954-55 rulings on the
Brown v. Board of Education forbade perpetuation of "separate but equal"
dual public educational systems and required their subsequent desegregation.
Many states tried to circumvent Brown by passing placement laws that superficially
desegregated schools while allowing local boards to maintain segregated
systems. In North Carolina, the General Assembly passed the Pupil Placement
Act (1955). |
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| In Charlotte, token integration occurred, in
1957, when a few black students were assigned to three white schools. In
1962, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education adopted a plan of nonracial
geographic assignment. The plan granted students freedom of transfer from
an area of black concentration and closed some all black schools. |
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| With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, the Board faced a loss of federal funding unless the 1962 plan was
revised to comply with federal policy on non discrimination. As the Board
began drawing up new plans, the class action suit James E. Swann, et al
v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education, was brought against the Board
in January, 1965, charging that the Board maintained a segregated system.
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| The suit originated when Darius Swann, professor
of theology at Johnson C. Smith University, requested that his son James
be allowed to attend the predominantly white school near their home instead
of the predominantly black school some distance away. When the Board denied
his request, his case and several similar ones were brought to the court
as a class action suit by the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund through
the services of Charlotte civil rights attorney Julius Chambers. The suit
was brought before the U.S. District Court, where Judge J. Braxton Craven
Jr. approved the Board's new plans for the 1965-66 school year. The plaintiffs
appealed the case to the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, where
Judge Clement Haynsworth upheld the District Court's ruling. |
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| The plaintiffs reopened the case in September,
1968, filing for further desegregation of the schools. Appointed to hear
the case in the District Court was James B. McMillan Jr. Attorneys for the
defendants were Brock Barkley, William J. Waggoner (see William J. Waggoner
Papers), and Benjamin S. Horack (see Benjamin S. Horack Papers). |
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| In April, 1969, McMillan ruled that there still
existed a dual system in which schools were racially identifiable; that
discriminatory property laws, the "freedom of choice" clause,
gerrymandering of district lines, and the "neighborhood school"
theory were perpetrating segregated schools; and that achievement scores
of blacks in black schools were unacceptably low. |
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| In June, 1969, the Board submitted a plan that
closed some black inner city schools and reassigned these pupils, along
with other black students, to white schools. In August, 1969, the court
approved the implementation of this plan for the 1969-70 year but ordered
the Board to prepare by November a plan for desegregation according to balanced
racial ratios. |
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| The Board's plan, submitted November 17, 1969,
was not accepted by the Court because it continued to focus on freedom of
choice and rezoning. In December, McMillan laid out specific guidelines
for the preparation of plans that would desegregate the schools. Dr. John
A. Finger, an educational consultant from Rhode Island College, was hired
and instructed to prepare a plan that would reach, to the extent possible
and using all available means, a 71:29 ratio of whites to blacks in all
schools. The Board also prepared desegregation plans. |
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| Both Finger and the Board prepared separate plans
for each level: high school, junior high, and elementary. Both sets of plans
were submitted to the Court in February, 1970. Finger's plan relied substantially
on busing. McMillan subsequently rejected the Board's plans and ordered
the implementation of Finger's plans. |
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| Concurrently, as the central issue was in the
courts, supplementary suits were also developing. In June, 1969, the North
Carolina General Assembly passed an anti busing statute. When the Charlotte
Mecklenburg Board of Education was ordered in February, 1970 to begin busing,
the North Carolina Board of Education and several individuals, among them
Mrs. Robert E. Moore and Tom B. Harris, sued the Charlotte Mecklenburg Board
of Education and William Self, superintendent of the Charlotte Mecklenburg
Schools. The cases, decided in Mecklenburg County Superior Court, enforced
a temporary restraining order based on the use of public funds for busing
in the desegregation plan and ruled such uses conflict with the anti busing
statute. |
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| The Swann plaintiffs moved to add these individuals
and the state as additional parties defendant to prevent them from interfering
with federal court mandates. In March, 1970, McMillan ordered that a three
judge court convene to rule on the anti busing statute. |
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| The three judge court, presided over by Circuit
Court judges J. Braxton Craven and John Butzner, and McMillan, District
judge, ruled the anti busing statute unconstitutional. The North Carolina
State Board of Education and the additional parties appealed the case to
the Supreme Court. |
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| Meanwhile, the central Swann case was on appeal
in the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. The case was heard en banc by Judges
John D. Butzner, Clement E. Haynsworth, Simon E. Sobeloff, Harrison L. Winter,
Albert V. Bryan, and Herbert S. Boreman. Judge Craven disqualified himself
because he had ruled on the case when it was in the District Court in 1965.
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| On May 26, 1970, the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Fourth Circuit, approving most of the Finger plan dealing with the junior
and senior high schools, rejected a part applying to elementary schools
that provided for additional busing of several thousand elementary school
children to achieve a racial balance in schools that would otherwise be
predominantly black or white. (See memorandum, Legal Defense Fund staff
to "Our Contributors," 10/7/70, Series 2.) The basis for the judges'
ruling was the opinion that every school does not need to be integrated
under a unitary system, particularly when such integration would require
extreme cross busing, and that the primary consideration to be applied in
deciding local cases is the "test of reasonableness." The elementary
plan was remanded back to the District Court for redrafting, and McMillan
ordered that the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare assist
in the preparation of new elementary school plans. |
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| When the case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme
Court, the issue was whether school boards were required to use all available
means to achieve integration. The Board of Education also filed a motion
to stay the implementation of the Finger and HEW plans for the 1970-71 school
year. The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in October, 1970, but refused
to stay the District Court's order. Instead, on June 29, 1970, following
hearings in the Court to modify the elementary plan, the Supreme Court mandated
that the orders of the District Court be reinstated for the 1970-71 school
year for all grade levels. As such, mass busing of students began that year.
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| In April, 1971, the Supreme Court ruled that
the Finger Plan was a constitutional method for desegregating high school,
junior high, and elementary level grades, thus upholding the District Court's
original ruling of February, 1970. The implications of the decision were
that all available means must be used to desegregate the schools and that
busing as a means to achieve racial desegregation is constitutional. |
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| Following the Supreme Court's decision, the
District Court was charged with ensuring that adequate desegregation plans
continued to be implemented in the Charlotte Mecklenburg schools. The District
Court oversaw this process until 1975, when the case was officially closed.
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| [For further information, consult: Davison M.
Douglas, Reading, Writing & Race: the Desegregation of the Charlotte
Schools (1995); Frye Gaillard, The Dream Long Deferred (1988); Lino A. Graglia,
Disaster by Decree: The Supreme Court Decisions on Race and the Schools
(1976); George R. Metcalf, From Little Rock to Boston: The History of School
Desegregation (1983); and Bernard Schwartz, Swann's Way: The School Busing
Case and the Supreme Court (1986).] |
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| These papers contain documents presented to
the courts, transcripts of proceedings, briefs, research material and statistical
data, handwritten notes, desegregation plans, correspondence, and other
information documenting the case's progression through the District, Circuit,
and Supreme courts, and the resulting decision by the Supreme Court in 1971
that all available means, including busing, must be used to achieve public
school desegregation. |
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| This collection provides a fairly comprehensive
documentation of the pleading of the case of James E. Swann, et al v. Charlotte
Mecklenburg Board of Education in the district, circuit, and supreme courts
and also partially document the out of court preparation and research of
Chambers and his assistants. The Julius L. Chambers Papers are divided into
the following nine series: |
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| Series: |
Series 1, PLEADINGS (1964-74), contains copies
of the official documents submitted to the courts during the arguing of
the case, setting forth the specific arguments, actions, and evidence for
both the defendants and the plaintiffs. This is the most extensive series
in the collection and gives the most comprehensive view of what was happening
in the courts throughout the duration of the suit. Also includes court opinions
and orders. |
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Series 2, CORRESPONDENCE (1964-73), highlights
the Swann case out of the courtroom, giving some insight into the origin
of the case, the preparation and research for the case, and related information
on discrimination and desegregation of public educational facilities. Also
contains letters from the public, including hate mail. |
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Series 3, CLIPPINGS (1964-72, 1989), documents
the desegregation of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School System in 1965 in
compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the subsequent closing of
some all black schools; protests, both black and white, to the desegregation
plans; the progress of the Swann suit through the courts; and other cases
relating to Swann. |
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Series 4, TRANSCRIPTS (1965-74), contains
transcripts of depositions, proceedings, and oral examinations, exclusively
relating to the District Court. Transcripts relate primarily to the development,
implementation, and review of desegregation plans. |
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Series 5, BRIEFS (1970), consists primarily
of briefs submitted by the defense and the plaintiffs to both the U.S. Circuit
Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court. Included are briefs amici curiae
and briefs submitted to the Supreme Court for the cases heard with Swann,
e.g., the North Carolina Board of Education v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board
of Education (see historical synopsis) |
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Series 6, DESEGREGATION PLANS (1965-70),
contains texts of plans drawn up by the Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education
(1965) in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act; by educational consultants
Larsen, Finger, and Passy (1969) for the plaintiffs; and Finger's plans
prepared for the Court (1970). |
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Series 7, RESEARCH MATERIAL AND DATA (1902, 1931-75),
is divided into three subseries: Statistics; Publications and Near-Prints
Items; and Miscellany. |
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Series 7.1, STATISTICS (1963-75), contains
copies of routine statistical reports filed by each school relating to busing
and attendance and other miscellaneous statistics relating to desegregation,
school budget, enrollment, and transportation. |
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Series 7.2, PUBLICATIONS AND NEAR PRINT ITEMS
(1902, 1931, 1946-54, 1965-75), contains copies of articles and other
publications and near print materials relating to the status of racial integration
in the schools, housing, student transportation, state budget, state and
city policy on integration, and other desegregation cases. Also includes
some opinion papers by individuals and organizations concerning busing and
school desegregation. |
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Series 7.3, MISCELLANY (1954-74), consists
of a collection of documents of a diverse subject matter and origin but
related to busing and school desegregation and to the Charlotte Mecklenburg
school system. |
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Series 8, MAPS (1965-71), contains several
maps of attendance areas under various desegregation plans, including the
Finger Plan. Also includes city and county maps. |
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Series 9, HANDWRITTEN NOTES (1965-73), contains
notes taken presumably by Chambers or his assistants on the Swann case,
some apparently during courtroom proceedings. |
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SERIES
DESCRIPTIONS AND CONTAINER LISTS
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| Series 1: |
PLEADINGS (1964-1974) |
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| This series presents a detailed documentation
of the specific arguments, actions, and evidence brought forth before the
court by both plaintiffs and defendants as well as opinions, orders, and
analyses of the Court. These pleadings (copies) consist primarily of documents
submitted to the District Court, but also contains some submitted to the
Circuit and Supreme Courts. Also included in this series are related letters
of transmittal and some pleadings relating to the supplementary case in
the North Carolina Superior Court relating to the North Carolina anti busing
statute (see historical note); actions of the Board of Education, the plaintiffs,
and the Court relating to the preparation of acceptable desegregation plans;
and information related to alleged racial bias in application of discipline
in the schools. |
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| Box:Folder |
Contents |
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| 1:1-28 |
PLEADINGS (1964-March 12, 1970): includes powers of attorney
(1964-1/1965); opening of the case in U.S. District Court, including a petition
to the Board of Education from "Concerned Citizens" protesting
segregated schools and the original pleading filed with the Court (1/19/65)
by the plaintiffs requesting further desegregation; memorandum of decision
(7/14/65) by District Court Judge J. Braxton Craven Jr. approving the Board's
1965 desegregation plan; plaintiffs' appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Fourth Circuit, including opinion by Circuit Judge Clement F. Haynsworth
Jr. (8/24/65) denying injunction requested by plaintiffs for 1965-66 school
year; opinion (10/24/66) by Haynsworth upholding the District Court's ruling;
case reopening in the District Court, including a copy of the plaintiff's
motion for further relief (9/6/68); Judge James McMillan's order (4/23/69)
requiring further desegregation of the schools; Board's plan (5/28/69) for
desegregation of the schools and various amendments to the plan (7/29, 8/4,
and 8/29/69); McMillan's order of 8/15/69 mandating the Board to prepare
other plans by making "full use of zoning, pairing, grouping, clustering,
transportation, and other techniques" by 11/17/69; Board's request
(10/3/69) for an extension of the November, 1969 deadline, and McMillan's
denial (10/10/69); McMillan's opinion and analysis (11/7/69) of Swann in
light of the Supreme Court's decision on Alexander v. Holmes County Board
of Education that schools should be desegregated immediately; and Board's
plan and (speculatively) supplementary report (11/17/69) for desegregation
of the schools; McMillan's opinion and order (12/1/69) on the Board's plan
of 11/17/69, outlining guidelines for the preparation of other desegregation
plans by both the Board and educational consultant John Finger; and statement
to the Court by Board of Education members Coleman Kerry and Julia W. Maulden
urging the immediate disposition of the Court's decision. |
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| 2:1-22 |
PLEADINGS (March 12, 1970-June, 1971): includes supplementary
suit (Mrs. Robert E, Moore, et al. v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education)
in the North Carolina Superior Court (January April, 1970), including the
ruling (4/29/70) in the three judge court that the North Carolina busing
statute was unconstitutional [see also boxes 1:24-28, 2:1-12]; and McMillan's
order (2/5/70) requiring implementation of the Finger plan; Board's appeal
of the District Court's decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth
Circuit; Circuit Court's decision (4/7/70) approving the District Court's
order to implement the Finger plans for the junior and senior high schools,
but ordering a new plan prepared for elementary schools; hearings (6/1970)
by the District Court on HEW's plan for the elementary schools, including
a resolution (6/29/70) by the Board of Education disapproving HEW's plans;
appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court; material relating to the Supreme Court's
order of 6/29/70 reinstating the District Court's order of 2/5/70, including
McMillan's order (8/3/70) discussing the Circuit Court's "test of reasonableness"
for the elementary schools and summarizing the case to date; hearings ordered
by the Supreme Court (6/29/70) regarding implementation of plans ordered
by McMillan's 2/5/70 decision; material (August October, 1970) submitted
to the Supreme Court; material on District Court's further direction of
the revision and implementation of desegregation plans for school years
1971-72, 1972-73, and 1973-74 [see also boxes 3:26-27, 4:1-3], including
information on the feeder plan adopted by the Court and the Board for the
1971-72 school year; and material relating to school construction and its
impact on desegregation (3/1971). |
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| 3:1-12 |
PLEADINGS (July, 1971-March, 1973): includes material relating
to compensation for plaintiffs's counsel (1/1972); and information on the
desegregation of kindergartens (1973). |
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| Series 2: |
CORRESPONDENCE (1964-1973) |
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| This series documents the work of Chambers and
his colleagues, particularly of the Legal Defense Fund, in researching,
planning, and conducting the pleading of Swann and provides insight into
the issues as discussed in the planning stages. Subjects covered include
discrimination in the Charlotte schools and elsewhere, affirmative action
programs, student transportation and busing, use of federal monies in the
school system, and other school desegregation cases, particularly those
supported by the Legal Defense Fund (hereinafter LDF). A portion of the
correspondence consists of letters from the public, including hate mail
and letters of praise, and of routine letters concerning the gathering and
presenting of evidence in court. |
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| Box:Folder |
Contents |
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| 3:13-27 |
CORRESPONDENCE (1964-66, 1968-71): includes letters (9/1964)
documenting the efforts of Darius and Vera Swann to enroll James in Seversville
School; letter (9/1/64) "to whom it may concern" from Scott Thrower,
principal of Seversville School, explaining his denial of the Swann's request;
Swann's letter (9/2/64) to the Board outlining reasons for seeking James's
transferal; letter (11/23/64) from Chambers to Kelly M. Alexander, Sr. discussing
"factors to be considered in an action against the Charlotte-Mecklenburg
Board of Education to facilitate desegregation"; memorandum (6/27/68)
to Chambers from Bob Valder, LDF regional director, giving "report
of preliminary information" on the Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education,
discussing city ordinances pertaining to segregated facilities from 1887
to 1957; conversations with school board members, in particular, Coleman
W. Kerry Jr., concerning pupil assignment policy; the discrepancy between
use of federal monies in black and in white schools; discriminatory hiring
practices in Charlotte Mecklenburg schools; five year bond program estimates;
information on school district lines and problems of discrimination in the
Charlotte Mecklenburg system; letter (3/21/69) from Kerry to the Board as
"the only Black member," calling for an executive session to "develop
our own plan of education that will benefit all of our citizens"; and
a letter (6/13/69) from office of HEW giving statistics on school desegregation
for eleven southern states and nine northern cities; letter (1/27/70) to
Chambers from Harry Golden in which he volunteers to testify in the District
Court hearings of (2/2/70); information (1/27, 12/13/70) on the Emergency
School Assistance Program (ESEA), under which federal monies were provided
for aiding schools in economically disadvantaged areas [considered by the
Board and the Court in determining school assignments]; letter (4/7/70)
from McMillan to Mordecai Johnson discussing his decision of 2/5/70; note
(9/17/70) to Chambers from Jean Cook of the League of Women Voters, transmitting
material prepared by the League for its members, discussing busing and giving
a synopsis of legal cases precedent to and including Swann; memorandum (10/7/70)
to "our contributors" from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund describing
Swann and other school desegregation cases supported by the LDF; memoranda
(10/7/70) from Jean Fairfax to Jack Greenburg, both of the LDF, describing
school desegregation in Birmingham and elsewhere for the 1970-71 school
year; letter (5/27/71) from Norman Chachkin to the attorneys with the Swann
case discussing the interpretation of racially balanced schools by the Fifth
Circuit Court of Appeals; material relating to discipline of black students
in the schools and to disruptions in the schools, including letter (10/14/71)
to Chambers describing problems with discrimination in the suspension and
discipline of students in the Charlotte Mecklenburg system; and anonymous
"position paper" (n.d. 1971) describing school disruptions during
the 1970-71 school year. |
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| 4:1-3 |
CORRESPONDENCE (1972-74, 1976): includes letter (n.d. 1972)
from Robert Shirley to "concerned citizens" describing a legal
and educational aid program for black students caught in confrontation with
authorities; memorandum (3/20/73) to Bob Valder from Reginald Smith describing
violence in the Charlotte Mecklenburg schools in March, 1973; and letter
(11/1/72) to William Marsh from Chambers's secretary transmitting an attached
decision of the U.S. District Court in Given v. William Poe, et al., in
which the defendant was required to set forth rules for non discriminatory
school disciplinary proceedings. |
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| Series 3: |
CLIPPINGS (1964-1972, 1989) |
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| This series contains newspaper clippings primarily
from The Charlotte News and The Charlotte Observer that document Swann's
passage through the courts. Also documented are the efforts of the Charlotte
Mecklenburg Board of Education to desegregate the schools in 1965 in compliance
with the 1964 Civil Rights Act; public reaction to the desegregation plans
and to the closing of some all black schools; the initial filing of the
Swann suit; related desegregation case in Richmond; and attendance maps
for Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools affected by the 4/1/70 redistricting (box
14:6). |
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| Box:Folder |
Contents |
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| 4:6-11 |
CLIPPINGS (1964-72, 1989) |
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| Series 4: |
TRANSCRIPTS (1965-1974) |
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| This series contains transcripts (copies) of
proceedings, depositions, and oral examinations prepared exclusively for
or in the District Court. The depositions and oral examinations were taken
out of court and are primarily interviews with School Board representatives
and employees concerning the development, implementation, and review of
desegregation plans. |
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| Box:Folder |
Contents |
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| 4:12-23 |
TRANSCRIPTS (1965, 1969-July 15, 1970): includes deposition
(5/4/65) of Craig Phillips, superintendent of the Charlotte Mecklenburg
Schools (1963-68); proceedings (7/12/65); depositions of Ann Haussman, Carroll
York, Gertrude Coward, Leslie Bobbitt, J. B. Davis, John Harrison, Ralph
Eaton, Henry Smith, Herbert Puckett, Robert Hanes, John Phillips, Joseph
Frankford, and William Anderson (1/27/69); depositions of Mary Jane Kistler,
Dorothy Boone, William Self, and William Poe (1/28-29/69); proceedings (3/1
[v. 1], 6/16, and 8/5/69); proceedings (2/2, 2/5/70); proceedings (3/16,
3/17/70); oral examination of D. J. Dark and R. D. McMillan (2/20/70); and
depositions of J. D. Morgan (2/25 and 3/11/70), William Self (2/25/70),
James H. Carson (3/11/70), and John Cross and Henry Kemp (7/8/70); depositions
of William Poe (member, Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education) and J.
D. Morgan (7/10/70); and proceedings (7/15/70 [v. 1-2]). |
| |
|
| 5:1-20 |
TRANSCRIPTS (July 8, 1970-April 16, 1974): includes proceedings
(7/15/70 [v. 3]; 3/8, 3/24, and 7/26/73); deposition of Elizabeth Randolph
(7/30/73); and proceedings (4/16/74 [v.1-4]). |
| |
|
| 6:1 |
TRANSCRIPTS (April 16, 1974): includes proceedings (4/16/74
[v.5). |
| |
|
| |
|
| Series 5: |
BRIEFS (1970) |
| |
|
| This series contains briefs submitted on appeal
to the U.S. Court of Appeals and to the U.S. Supreme Court. Included are
briefs amici curiae and briefs submitted to the Supreme Court for cases
heard with Swann, including the supplementary suit involving the North Carolina
anti busing statute. |
| |
|
| Box:Folder |
Contents |
| |
|
| 6:-13 |
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, FOURTH CIRCUIT |
| |
|
| 6:14-18 |
U.S. SUPREME COURT |
| |
|
| |
|
| Series 6: |
DESEGREGATION PLANS (1965-1970) |
| |
|
| This series consists of texts of plans developed
to desegregate the Charlotte Mecklenburg schools (see also series 1, Pleadings;
series 8, Maps). |
| |
|
| Box:Folder |
Contents |
| |
|
| 6:19-22 |
PLANS (1965-70): includes a plan adopted 3-11-65 and the
"Plan for Compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964"
(4/15/65); the "Tentative Plan for Integration of the Charlotte Mecklenburg
Schools" (5/1969) submitted in compliance with court order of 4/23/69
(see also Pleadings); "The Charlotte Mecklenburg School System Analysis
and Recommendations" (1/1969) prepared by consultants Jack Larsen,
John Finger, and Robert Passy for the plaintiffs; and the "Report of
the Consultant to the Federal District Court" (2/1969), prepared by
Finger under orders of the District Court (12/1/69). Contains plans approved
by McMillan for the school year 1970-71. Does not include maps. |
| |
|
| 7:1-5 |
PLANS (1965-70): includes the "Amended Plan for School
Desegregation" (7/1969) labeled "for discussion only," which
includes a statement by the School Board upon submission of the plan explaining
the plan and asking for community support; HEW's plan for desegregation
of elementary schools (6/26/70), developed under order of the District Court
after the Circuit Court remanded Finger's elementary plan back to the District
Court, reversing the District Court's order for the elementary grades; the
Board minority report (ca. 1970) proposing that the Board take additional
steps toward desegregation. |
| |
|
| |
|
| Series 7: |
RESEARCH MATERIAL AND DATA (1902, 1963-1975)
|
| |
|
| This series contains information pertaining
to desegregation, busing and student transportation, and other issues related
to the Swann case. Divided into three subseries: Statistics, Publications
and Near Print Material, and Miscellany. |
| |
|
| Series 7.1: |
STATISTICS (1963-1975) |
| |
|
| Box:Folder |
Contents |
| |
|
| 7:6 |
BUS STATISTICS (1964-69) |
| |
|
| 7:7-12 |
MISCELLANY (1963-75, n.d.): regarding status of desegregation,
pupil assignment, transportation data, budget information, and information
on school facilities; and card file listing each school and its racial makeup.
|
| |
|
| 7:13-19 |
PRINCIPAL'S MONTHLY BUS REPORTS (1967-70): tabulating information
on bus drivers, mileage of routes, and number of pupils transported. |
| |
|
| 7:20-24 |
PRINCIPAL'S MONTHLY REPORTS (1970-71): prepared by each school,
giving information on numbers of pupils per grade, attendance information,
special programs and curriculum. |
| |
|
| 7:25-27 |
SCHOOL PRELIMINARY REPORTS (September 23, 1968): filed upon
completion of the tenth day of school each year. Contains information on
enrollment, staffing, opening and closing times, and curriculum. |
| |
|
| 8:1-16 |
SCHOOL PRELIMINARY REPORTS (September 23, 1968-November,
1970) |
| |
|
| 8:17 |
TRANSPORTATION REPORTS (1964-1968): giving annual data on
equipment, miles and race of students bused, and drivers's salaries. |
| |
|
| Series 7.2: |
PUBLICATIONS AND NEAR PRINT MATERIAL
(1902, 1931, 1946-1954, 1965-1975) |
| |
|
| This subseries contains copies of articles and
position papers relating primarily to desegregation of education, discrimination,
housing, and pupil assignment and transportation. Also includes federal,
state, and local documents, such as the Code of the City of Charlotte (1902-54)
the Charlotte Mecklenburg School System budget (1969-70) and the North Carolina
state budget. Arranged alphabetically. |
| |
|
| Box:Folder |
Contents |
| |
|
| 8:18-22 |
PUBLICATIONS--A-R: includes Advance Legislative Service Bulletin
#8 (1969); Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools Directory (1968-69); Charlotte
Mecklenburg Schools Revised Budget (1969-70); and the Code for the City
of Charlotte (1902, 1931, 1946-54); Congressional Record (2/8/70): 2652-53;
"Disciplinary Proceedings in the Public Schools," Laughlin McDonald
(n.d.); "Elementary and Secondary Education," Robert E. Phay,
Popular Government (9/1969), pp. 39-48; "Factual Analysis Five Year
Bond Program Estimates, Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools, 1967-72," (1/16/67);
Federal Reporter, 2nd Series, pp. 808-11; Federal State Relations Newsletter
(7/2/73); "General Assembly Adopts Pearsall Plan in Special Session,"
Philip Green, Popular Government (n.d.); Handbook for Use in Preparing Occupational
Educational Programs, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction (n.d.);
and Keeping Southern Railway in Charlotte's Future, Southern Railway System
(n.d.); Mecklenburg County Budget (1969 70); NEA Research Bulletin (10/1969);
North Carolina Biennial Report, Superintendent of Public Instruction (1966
68); North Carolina Public Schools (1/1970); North Carolina Public School
System Supplemental Financial Report: ESEA and Head Start (1968-68); The
North Carolina Researcher (7/1970); "On the Matter of Busing A Staff
Memorandum from the Center for Urban Education," by Barbara R. Fogel
(2/1970); "Policies on Elementary and Secondary School Compliance with
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964." HEW (3/1968); Population
Projections for North Carolina Counties (1980); "The Primary Markets
for Quality Merchandise," The New Yorker (1966); Profile, North Carolina
Counties, Statistical Services Center, North Carolina Department of Administration
(12/1968); Pupil Assignment Study, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, Administrative
Staff (3/6/73); "Race and Place," Meyer Weinberger, HEW Office
of Education (1967); "Racial Isolation in the Public Schools,"
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (3/1967); and Report of the Governor's Study
Commission on the Public School System of North Carolina (n.d.). |
| |
|
| 9:1-2 |
PUBLICATIONS--S-Z: includes "The Scattered Housing Program,"
Housing Authority of Charlotte (1975); School Committee Report, League of
Women Voters, January (1970); "Statement of the U.S. Commission on
Civil Rights Concerning the 'Statement by the President on Elementary and
Secondary School Desegregation,'" (1970); Statistics on Pupil Transportation
(1967-68), National Commission on Safety Education and National Education;
Summary of the State Budget for the (1969-71) Biennium, State of North Carolina;
and "A True Alternative to Segregation A Proposal for Community School
Districts," Congress of Racial Equality (2/1970); Zoning Ordinance,
Charlotte (1965). |
| |
|
| Series 7.3: |
MISCELLANY (1954 1974) |
| |
|
| This subseries contains a collection of documents
of a diverse subject matter and origin relating to desegregation, pupil
assignment and transportation, and the Charlotte Mecklenburg school system.
|
| |
|
| Box:Folder |
Contents |
| |
|
| 9:3-12 |
MISCELLANY (1954-74, n.d.): includes "Facts about the
Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools" (1/20/69), a 6 page summary; synopsis
(3/6/69) by the Model Neighborhood Education Liaison Committee of various
school desegregation plans used nationwide; and a copy of North Carolina
House Bill 990 (5/7/69), "An Act to Protect the Neighborhood School
System and to Prohibit the Involuntary Busing of Pupils Outside the District
in Which They Reside." This act, later G.S. 115-176.1, was the basis
for the supplementary suit in the North Carolina Superior Court and later
the U.S. Supreme Court (see Historical Synopsis). Includes amendment (7/1/69);
news release (n.d.) from Governor Robert Scott stating that he would not
permit public funds to be used for busing; racial demographic analysis (ca.
1970) of Charlotte; information (1970-71) on disciplinary procedures, suspension
and expulsion guidelines, disturbances, disorders, and demonstrations; and
statement before Subcommittee #5 of the Committee on the Judiciary of the
U.S. House of Representatives (5/18/72) by T. M. Martin, Walter McDaniel,
and Arthur Lynch, representing black parents and children of Charlotte.
|
| |
|
| |
|
| Series 8: |
MAPS (1965 1971) |
| |
|
| This series contains primarily attendance maps
prepared by the Board of Education on 3/11/65 (rev. 8/15/69) and on 1/30/70
to accompany their desegregation plans. (See also series 1, Pleadings; series
3, Clippings, box 14:6; and series 6, Desegregation Plans.) Also contains
Finger plan map adjusted for feeder plan (6/24/71); and maps of Charlotte
and of Mecklenburg County. |
| |
|
| Box:Folder |
Contents |
|
|
| MC1.10:2 |
ATTENDANCE--ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS |
| |
|
| MC1.10:3 |
ATTENDANCE--JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL |
| |
|
| MC1.10:4 |
ATTENDANCE--SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL |
| |
|
| MC1.10:1 |
CHARLOTTE AND MECKLENBURG COUNTY |
| |
|
| MC1.10:1 |
FINGER PLAN |
| |
|
| |
|
| Series 9: |
HANDWRITTEN NOTES (1965 1973) |
| |
|
| This series is comprised of notes taken presumably
by Chambers and/or others working with Swann. Some notes are apparently
taken in the courtroom. |
| |
|
| Box:Folder |
Contents |
| |
|
| 9:13-18 |
HANDWRITTEN NOTES (1965-73) |
|
